Cutaneous markers of spinal dysraphism: A cross-sectional study in 230 children

Abstract

Abstract:

Spine dysraphism (SD) refers to a group of congenital spine and spinal cord anomalies that frequently appear with external cutaneous indicators, particularly occult spinal dysraphism (OSD). Early detection of these skin lesions is critical for quick diagnosis and intervention, preventing irreversible neurological consequences.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the pattern and distribution of cutaneous lesions linked to spinal dysraphism in newborns and children with neurological complaints or spinal defects.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Neurology and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Faisalabad, from January 2023 to December 2024. 230 neonates and children (aged 0-3 years) were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were the presence of evident midline cutaneous lesions as well as neurological or spinal abnormalities. Detailed demographic and clinical data were collected, with emphasis on the number, type, and anatomical location of skin lesions.

 Results: Among the 230 subjects, 67% were female, and 76% presented within the first month of birth. Lumbosacral lipomas (44%), hypertrichosis (12%), sacral dimples (8%), vascular nevi (7%), and other lesions (9%) were the most common skin markers. There were several cutaneous abnormalities in 64% of children, with the bulk of lesions (93%) located in the lumbosacral region.

Conclusion: Spinal dysraphism in early childhood is significantly indicated by cutaneous symptoms, especially in the lumbosacral region. So any child presenting with a cutaneous marker, especially in the lumbosacral region, spinal dysraphism should be ruled out.